PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of vardenafil in kidney of rats submitted to acute ischemia and reperfusion.METHODS:Twenty-eight rats were randomly distributed into two groups. Right nephrectomy was performed and the vardenafil group received vardenafil solution (at a concentration of 1 mg/ml in 10 mg/kg) while the control group received 0.9% saline solution (SS) one hour prior to the ligature of the left renal pedicle. After one hour of ischemia, animals were submitted to twenty-four hours of reperfusion, followed by left nephrectomy. The kidney's histological parameters evaluated on the study included vacuolar degeneration and tubular necrosis. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 using the point-counting and digital methods (Cytophotometry). Also, a biochemical analysis for creatinine was conducted.RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between groups only with regards to the vacuolar degeneration parameter and to the cleaved caspase-3 digital method.CONCLUSION: Vardenafil showed a protective effect on the kidney of rats subjected to acute ischemia and reperfusion in this model

OBJETIVO: Comparar duas técnicas de fechamento de toracotomias (sutura pericostal e transcostal) em relação à dor pós-operatória e função pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego realizado no Serviço de Cirurgia Torácica do Hospital das Clínicas Luzia de Pinho Melo e na Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Brasil. Foram incluídos no estudo 30 pacientes submetidos a toracotomias posterolaterais ou anterolaterais, com idade entre 18 e 75 anos. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos em função do tipo de fechamento da toracotomia: sutura pericostal (SP; n = 16) e sutura transcostal (ST; n = 14). A intensidade da dor no pós-operatório imediato e tardio foi avaliada por uma escala visual analógica e questionário de dor McGill. Foram avaliadas variáveis espirométricas (VEF1, CVF, relação VEF1/CVF e PFE) no pré-operatório e nos 21º e 60º dias pós-operatórios. RESULTADOS: A intensidade da dor foi significativamente maior no grupo SP que no grupo ST. No grupo SP, houve reduções significativas nas variáveis espirométricas estudadas entre o período pré-operatório e pós-operatório. Essas reduções não foram significativas no grupo ST. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes no grupo ST apresentaram menor intensidade de dor pós-toracotomia, tanto imediata como tardia, e menor redução nos parâmetros espirométricos que os no grupo SP. Dessa forma, a técnica de fechamento de toracotomia por sutura transcostal é recomendada por apresentar vantagens sobre a técnica pericostal tradicional.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two thoracotomy closure techniques (pericostal and transcostal suture) in terms of postoperative pain and pulmonary function. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study carried out in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Luzia de Pinho Melo Hospital das Clínicas and at the University of Mogi das Cruzes, both located in the city of Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil. We included 30 patients (18-75 years of age) undergoing posterolateral or anterolateral thoracotomy. The patients were randomized into two groups by the type of thoracotomy closure: pericostal suture (PS; n = 16) and transcostal suture (TS; n = 14). Pain intensity during the immediate and late postoperative periods was assessed by a visual analogic scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Spirometry variables (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, and PEF) were determined in the preoperative period and on postoperative days 21 and 60. RESULTS: Pain intensity was significantly greater in the PS group than in the TS group. Between the preoperative and postoperative periods, there were decreases in the spirometry variables studied. Those decreases were significant in the PS group but not in the TS group. CONCLUSIONS: The patients in the TS group experienced less immediate and late post-thoracotomy pain than did those in the PS group, as well as showing smaller reductions in the spirometry parameters. Therefore, transcostal suture is recommended over pericostal suture as the thoracotomy closure technique of choice.

OBJETIVO: Revisar os casos de enfisema lobar congênito (ELC) operados nos últimos 30 anos em dois hospitais universitários. MÉTODOS: Foram revistos os prontuários médicos das crianças com ELC operadas no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu e no Hospital da Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes entre 1979 e 2009. Dados sobre sintomas, exame físico, achados radiológicos, diagnóstico, tratamento cirúrgico e seguimento pós-operatório mediato e tardio foram analisados. RESULTADOS: Durante o período estudado, 20 crianças com ELC foram submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico. A média de idade dos pacientes no momento da cirurgia foi 6,9 meses (variação, 9 dias a 4 anos). Todos os casos apresentaram sintomas ao nascimento ou nos primeiros meses de vida. Em todos os casos, a radiografia simples de tórax foi importante na definição do diagnóstico. Em casos de dificuldade respiratória moderada, a TC de tórax auxiliou no diagnóstico. Um paciente com desconforto respiratório grave foi diagnosticado erroneamente com pneumotórax hipertensivo e submetido a drenagem torácica. A broncoscopia só foi realizada nos pacientes com dificuldade respiratória moderada e não foram encontrados sinais de anomalias traqueobrônquicas. A abordagem cirúrgica foi realizada através de toracotomia lateral poupadora de músculo. O lobo superior esquerdo e o lobo médio foram os mais afetados, seguidos pelo lobo superior direito. A lobectomia foi realizada em 18 casos, enquanto a bilobectomia foi realizada em 2 casos (com ressecção de cisto broncogênico em 1 desses). Complicações pós-operatórias não foram observadas. O acompanhamento pós-operatório foi de pelo menos 24 meses (média, 60 meses) e não foram observadas complicações tardias nesta série. CONCLUSÕES: O ELC é uma doença pouco comum, ainda negligenciada, de etiologia incerta, mas de fácil diagnóstico radiológico e tratamento cirúrgico eficaz.

OBJECTIVE: To review the cases of patients with congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) submitted to surgical treatment at two university hospitals over a 30-year period. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of children with CLE undergoing surgical treatment between 1979 and 2009 at the Botucatu School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas or the Mogi das Cruzes University Hospital. We analyzed data regarding symptoms, physical examination, radiographic findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and postoperative follow-up. RESULTS: During the period studied, 20 children with CLE underwent surgery. The mean age at the time of surgery was 6.9 months (range, 9 days to 4 years). All of the cases presented with symptoms at birth or during the first months of life. In all cases, chest X-rays were useful in defining the diagnosis. In cases of moderate respiratory distress, chest CT facilitated the diagnosis. One patient with severe respiratory distress was misdiagnosed with hypertensive pneumothorax and underwent chest tube drainage. Only patients with moderate respiratory distress were submitted to bronchoscopy, which revealed no tracheobronchial abnormalities. The surgical approach was lateral muscle-sparing thoracotomy. The left upper and middle lobes were the most often affected, followed by the right upper lobe. Lobectomy was performed in 18 cases, whereas bilobectomy was performed in 2 (together with bronchogenic cyst resection in 1 of those). No postoperative complications were observed. Postoperative follow-up time was at least 24 months (mean, 60 months), and no late complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although CLE is an uncommon, still neglected disease of uncertain etiology, the radiological diagnosis is easily made and surgical treatment is effective.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether cilostazol has a protective effect on acute ischemia and reperfusion of hind limbs of rats through study of biochemical variables in blood and urine. METHODS: Forty six animals were randomized and divided into two groups. Group I received a solution of cilostazol (10 mg/Kg) and group II received saline solution 0.9% (SS) by orogastric tube after ligature of the abdominal aorta. After four hours of ischemia the animals were divided into four subgroups: group IA (Cilostazol): two hours of reperfusion. Group IIA (SS): two hours of reperfusion. Group IB (Cilostazol): six hours of reperfusion. Group IIB (SS) six hours of reperfusion. After the reperfusion period, was held to collect urine and blood for biochemical measurements. The biochemical parameters studied were: urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and myoglobin in blood and urea, creatinine, myoglobin in urine. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Cilostazol had no protective effect on ischemic acute reperfusion of hind limbs of rats in this model.

PURPOSE: To investigate the compatibility of a new model of self-expandable tracheal stent in rats. METHODS: A new device of polyurethane covered and non - covered stent was placed in the trachea of Wistar rats. Animals were distributed in two groups: the polyurethane covered and non-covered group. Macroscopic parameters included position within the tracheal lumen, adherence to the mucosa, degree of dilatation, permeability and internal diameter. Microscopic findings evaluated were: incorporation, inflammatory activity, granulation tissue and epithelial revetment injuries. The observation follow-up was six weeks. All parameters were quantified based on determined score values. Incorporation of the stents was evaluated based on the observation if the stent was fixed into the trachea or if it could be removed. Degree of dilatation was performed by external diameter measurements. Granulation tissue was evaluated by measurements of height of the tissue growing into the tracheal lumen. RESULTS: 100% of non-covered stents had total attachment to mucosa and 100% of polyurethane covered type had adherence only. Regarding dilatation, granulation tissue, inflammatory activity and internal diameter measurements, there were no significant differences between the groups. Pathological tracheal wall injuries were present in both groups. CONCLUSION: Both models of stent demonstrated biocompatibility with the trachea. Rats are suitable for an experimental model of tracheal stent study.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do cilostazol no rim e na musculatura esquelética de ratos submetidos à isquemia aguda e reperfusão. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e três animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos. Grupo I recebeu solução de cilostazol (10 mg/Kg) e Grupo II recebeu solução fisiológica a 0,9% (SF), após ligadura da aorta abdominal. Decorridas quatro horas de isquemia os animais foram distribuídos em quatro subgrupos: Grupo IA (Cilostazol): duas horas de reperfusão. Grupo IIA (SF): duas horas de reperfusão. Grupo IB (Cilostazol): seis horas de reperfusão. Grupo IIB (SF): seis horas de reperfusão. Após a reperfusão, realizou-se nefrectomia esquerda e a retirada da musculatura de membro posterior. Os parâmetros histológicos estudados em rim foram cilindros de mioglobina, degeneração vacuolar e necrose tubular. Em músculo foram edema, infiltrado inflamatório, hipereosinofilia de fibras, cariopicnose e necrose. A apoptose foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica, através da caspase-3 clivada e TUNEL. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: O cilostazol não teve efeito protetor sobre o rim e sobre a musculatura estriada esquelética em ratos Wistar submetidos à isquemia aguda e reperfusão no modelo estudado.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of cilostazol, in kidney and skeletal muscle of rats submitted to acute ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS: Fourty three animals were randomized and divided into two groups. Group I received a solution of cilostazol (10 mg/Kg) and group II received saline solution 0.9% (SS) by orogastric tube after ligature of the abdominal aorta. After four hours of ischemia the animals were divided into four subgroups: group IA (Cilostazol): two hours of reperfusion. Group IIA (SS): two hours of reperfusion. Group IB (Cilostazol): six hours of reperfusion. Group IIB (SS) six hours of reperfusion. After reperfusion, a left nephrectomy was performed and removal of the muscles of the hind limb. The histological parameters were studied. In kidney cylinders of myoglobin, vacuolar degeneration and acute tubular necrosis. In muscle interstitial edema, inflammatory infiltrate, hypereosinophilia fiber, cariopicnose and necrosis. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 and TUNEL. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Cilostazol had no protective effect on the kidney and the skeletal striated muscle in rats submitted to acute ischemia and reperfusion in this model.

Objetivamos testar um novo modelo de endoprótese traqueal autoexpansível para que esse possa ser futuramente disponibilizado para o uso clínico. As endopróteses de nitinol revestidas de poliuretano foram alocadas no terço médio da traqueia de 25 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia sob laringoscopia direta. Após um período de observação médio de 26 dias, avaliou-se a migração da prótese, grau de dilatação, incorporação, aderência, formação de tecido de granulação, presença de infiltrado inflamatório, envolvimento parietal e revestimento epitelial. Os resultados demonstraram completa expansibilidade radial, pouca aderência à mucosa traqueal e baixa incorporação tecidual, assim como alta taxas de formação de granulomas e de migração. Esse novo modelo demonstrou ser biocompatível e teve comportamento semelhante ao de outras próteses disponíveis no mercado.

We aimed to test a new model of self-expanding tracheal stent so that it might be made available for clinical use. Using direct laryngoscopy, we placed polyurethane-coated, nitinol stents into the middle third of the trachea in 25 New Zealand rabbits. After a mean observation period of 26 days, we evaluated stent migration, degree of expansion, attachment, adherence, formation of granulation tissue, presence of inflammatory infiltrate, parietal involvement, and epithelial lining. The results showed complete radial expansion, little adherence to the tracheal mucosa, and low tissue attachment, as well as high rates of granuloma formation and stent migration. This new model proved to be biocompatible and showed a behavior similar to that of other stents on the market.

OBJETIVO: Criar um mapa de referência dos linfonodos mediastinais através da análise de seu tamanho, número e distribuição nas diversas cadeias. MÉTODO: Um total de 50 cadáveres foram estudados, 38 do sexo masculino e 12 do feminino, sendo 39 brancos, com média de idade de 59,9 ± 14,1 anos, altura de 173,1 ± 7,6 cm e peso de 71,0 ± 12,0 kg. A dissecção do mediastino foi realizada bilateralmente, sendo todos os linfonodos ressecados e isolados. A área e os diâmetros transversos maior e menor de cada linfonodo foram determinados por análise de imagem. RESULTADOS: Em 485 cadeias, foram dissecados 1742 linfonodos (2,58 ± 1,89 linfonodos/cadeia). Observou-se uma média de 21,2 ± 8,5 linfonodos à direita e 13,6 ± 6,3 à esquerda. As cadeias 1, 2R, 4R, 5, e 7 estão presentes em mais de 90% da amostra. Apenas as cadeias 4R e 7 estiveram sempre presentes. As cadeias 2L, 3p e 8 estiveram presentes em 32, 36 e 54%, respectivamente. Os linfonodos mediastinais estão presentes em maior número nas cadeias 2R, 4R e 7. Estas mesmas cadeias também congregam os maiores linfonodos mediastinais. CONCLUSÃO: A composição de um mapa referencial para os tamanhos linfonodais foi factível. A distribuição, número e tamanho dos linfonodos não se alteraram no intervalo de idades estudado e não sofreram influência do sexo, raça, peso ou altura.

OBJECTIVE: To create a reference map of mediastinal lymph nodes through the analysis of their size, number and distribution in various lymph node stations. METHOD: A total of 50 cadavers, 38 males and 12 females, were studied. Of those 50, 39 were Caucasian. The mean age was 59.9 ± 14.1 years, the mean height was 173.1 ± 7.6 cm, and the mean weight was 71.0 ± 12.0 kg. A bilateral mediastinal dissection was performed in order to resect and isolate all lymph nodes. The area, as well as the major and minor transverse diameters, of each lymph node was determined by radiographic imaging analysis. RESULTS: In a sample of 485 chains, 1742 lymph nodes were dissected (2.58 ± 1.89 lymph nodes/station), revealing a mean number of 21.2 ± 8.5 lymph nodes on the right and 13.6 ± 6.3 on the left. The lymph node stations 1, 2R, 4R, 5, and 7 were present in more than 90% of the sample. Only the 4R and 7 lymph node stations were always present. The lymph node stations 2L, 3p, and 8 were present in 32, 36, and 54% of the sample, respectively. Mediastinal lymph nodes were present in greater numbers in the 2R, 4R and 7 lymph node stations. In addition, these stations presented the largest mediastinal lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: Composing a reference map for lymph node sizes was feasible. No alterations were observed in the distribution, number, or size of lymph nodes in the age brackets studied, regardless of gender, race, weight, or height.

No presente trabalho é relatado um caso de paciente portadora de fístula bílio-brônquica (FBB) secundária a coledocolitíase tratada no Hospital da Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes e é feita uma revisão da literatura pertinente ao assunto. Tratava-se de uma paciente, 35 anos, feminino, parda, cujo quadro clínico inicial era dor em hipocôndrio direito, de caráter contínuo, acompanhada de icterícia do tipo obstrutivo e bilioptise que atingia até um litro em 24 horas. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por radiografia simples de abdome e ultra-sonografia abdominal. O tratamento consistiu em laparotomia, colecistectomia, coledocotomia com retirada de dois cálculos, drenagem de vias biliares, colangiografia intra-operatória e liberação da cápsula hepática da cúpula frênica direita. A evolução pós-operatória foi satisfatória, com regressão da bilioptise no pós-operatório imediato. Houve regressão progressiva da icterícia em torno do sétimo dia do pós-operatório. A paciente foi estudada com broncografia após 24 meses que mostrou não haver alterações anatômicas dos brônquios basilares direitos pela inundação biliar. A paciente encontra-se no sétimo ano de seguimento sem evidência da doença.

In the present case report is presented a patient with bilio-bronchial fistula secondary to choledocholithiasis surgically treated at the University of Mogi das Cruzes Hospital. It is a 35-year-old female patient which initial clinical features were continuous hypochondrium pain, accompanied by obstructive jaundice and bilioptysis that reached one liter in a period of 24 hours. The diagnosis was confirmed by X-ray exams and by abdominal ultrasonography. The treatment consisted in laparotomy, cholecistectomy, choledochotomy and extraction of two stones from biliary tract, drainage of biliary tree, intraoperative cholangiography and separation of the hepatic capsule from the right diaphragmatic cupula. At the postoperative follow-up was observed a total regression of the bilioptysis and disappearance of the jaundice after the seventh postoperative day. The patient was submitted to bronchography that did not reveal anatomical changes on the right lowers bronchi by biliary flood. The patient is on the seventh postoperative year without any evidence of the disease.